Communication Theory Has Emerged Media Essay

Communication Theory Has Emerged Media Essay Different schools of thought have defined communication in many ways. Renowned scholar, G.G. Brown defines communication as: transfer of information from one person to another, whether or not it elicits confidence. But the information transferred must be understandable to the receiver. On the other hand, Fred G. Meyer defines communication as: the intercourse by words, letters or messages. Nonetheless, the central theme in all these definitions is the exchange and flow of information between two or more parties. This may result to the use of both verbal and non-verbal cues. Evidently, communication affects human livelihood and its behaviour and there is need to demonstrate how it affects individual actions. Thus, an introspection of how communication theory has emerged from the pre-christian era to modern times responds to the need of explaining individual actions. The history of communication dates back to time immemorial, with significant variation in communication technologies evolving in tandem with shifts in socio-political and economic systems. Various modes of communication have subsequently emerged with the passage of time and technological advancements. On the other hand, we are still able to trace the history of communication to oral and written speech. An insight into how communication theory came into being is demonstrated in the Holy Bible. In the Old Testament book of Genesis chapter one, verse three, it reads: And God said, Let there be light, and there was light This expression of communication serves to show that communication existed since time immemorial. God was able to undertake creation through His speech. Again, further credence to the foundation of communication theory presents itself in the New Testament through the book of John chapter one, verses one to two; In the beginning there was the Word. The Word was with God, and the Word was God. He was with God in the beginning. Once God created man, He was able to connect with him by words. This is revealed through the stories of Adam and Eve, Abraham, Noah, Moses and many others in the bible. Further, God communicated with prophets, and his people through visions, dreams, words, signs and symbols. Notably, the Old Testament portrays the usage of communication through figures of speech, especially through metaphors. Metaphors were widely used to intimate deeper meaning in speech and writing. This attribute is well observed in the books of Proverbs and Psalms. As such, the pre-christian era was well founded in communication through language use and its mastery. The same applies to the Christian era as well which derives much of its communication foundation from language mastery. This is well exemplified through Jesus parables. Aside from the religious views of communication theory, there is also the philosophical basis for communication theory. The proponents of this school of thought are mainly Greek philosophers and historians ranging from Aristotle, Isocrates, Socrates and Plato. From their insights emerged the theory of rhetoric. Despite both Isocrates and Sophists maintaining that rhetorics objective is persuasion, Isocrates promoted its use for human improvement while Sophists held the view that rhetorics purpose was for self-praise and thrift. Given the divergent views on the purpose of rhetoric, Plato also weighed in on the matter showing favour to dialectic than to the manner of oral presentation. As such, he favoured the use of reason and rationality in arguments. On the other hand, Aristotle sought to chart a defining measure to communication theory as the mode by which a person interacts with his/her audience. Due to the insights of the aforementioned philosophers, rhetorical theory has developed to become a solid basis by which communication is defined in many sectors. Persuasion of individuals by communication extends beyond politics, media, journalism and even religion. This is achieved through the use of Aristotles Rhetoric principles which include invention, arrangement, style, persuasion and memory. Despite there being many classes of communication theories, including the seven traditions (classical rhetoric, semiotics, phenomenological, cybernetic, social psychology, sociocultural communication, and critical traditions), thee major classifications can be adopted by mode of influence; Rhetoric theory as a result of the influence of oratory speech; social communication theories resulting from socio-political changes; and theories of mass communication as a result of journalism spread. In its modern form today, rhetoric theory is interrelated with traditional forms of communication theory, e.g. semiotics. Through the propagation of text in print media or images in visual media, which are both sign elements, the mass audience is able to be persuaded along cultural lines. As such, signs and symbols are continually employed in oratory speech to move masses and influence their perception of issues. On the socio-political scope, theories such as Authoritarian, Free press, Commmunist and Social responsibility are notable. These theories help explain communication theory evolution in the wake of various social-political changes in the society. Significantly, these theories focussed on the beginning of information dissemination to large population groups and the accompanying influence on the political class e.g. the governments. Again, they pronounce some of the social plights and classification within society attributed to information access. As authoritarian leadership was the norm before the widespread prevalence of print media, governments took it upon themselves to restrict flow of information to the common people, and as such, freedom of expression was strictly guarded. Consequently, the elite class would deprive the common people the right to information and access through controlling media sources. As a result therefore, print media was in low circulation and only accessibl e to the few due its then high price. Nevertheless, with the clamour for free will in the 17th century, Libertarianism/Free press took over. This was significantly influenced by the emergence of print media which in time became affordable to the common populace and reflective of their views which were previously gagged under authoritarian leadership. On the other hand, as free press offered an avenue for expression of free will, it was noted to be devoid of social responsibility. This necessitated the need for checks and balances, especially with the development of other communication media such as radio, television and film. Social responsibility therefore advocated for accountability through government and self regulation in order to promote social welfare and equity. Free press was further limited by the communist theory which promoted media control in the guise of effective press freedom. Consequently, the medias role was to educate but not to inform the general populace. In addition, the population was expected to post opinion on issues covered by the media so as to foster the so-called greater press freedom and institute greater audience participation. In effect therefore, the Communist theory was associated as a counter to capitalism trend where the media was in the control of a few media elites and only serving their inte rests. However, the 20th century marked a dramatic shift in communication theory evolution. This was brought about by advancement in communication technology to spur the spread of journalism. Notable events that defined this spread included the occurrence of the World Wars which depicted the strength of information pre-, during, and post war. Information was a tool in itself during the warring period and as such, theories were formulated once validated. This was articulated through stimulus response theory, propaganda and many more theories. Stimulus response theory took note that mass media has a significant effect on individuals perception of issues and in response, people would normally subject themselves to viewership that conforms to their beliefs and attitudes. Propaganda theory on the other hand was used to great effect to spreading rumours and falsehoods either in favour or disfavour of a certain person or group of persons. Evidently, it was during the World Wars and in the politica l sphere that propaganda is commonly used. Derived from rhetoric theory, propagandas main objective is persuasion in order to influence peoples perception of issues at hand. Nonetheless, in the modern day setting, propaganda is also employed in advertising, marketing and socio-economic conflicts. Again, technological advancement brought with it new media of communication e.g. television, computer, mobile phones, radio and other forms such as internet and social networking. These media served to spread journalism through provision of information of news and information for public consumption. A number of theories were hence formulated to describe this phenomenon, viz: Agenda setting theory, two-step flow theory, diffusion of innovation theory and uses and gratification theory. Agenda setting theory explains a very highly effective impact of the media the ability to inform the population about essential issues. Agenda setting hypothesizes that communication consists of information and awareness. Therefore in community discussion, media interaction has an influence on community understanding of various issues. These may range from state policies, economic system, and other community issues. As a result, a classification of agenda-setting emerges; Policy-agenda setting, Media-agenda setting and public agenda-setting. Under public-agenda-setting, the publics viewpoint shows the key issues of concern; Media agenda setting shows the significance and depth of news items being covered in relation to their coverage in various media stations; Policy agenda-setting points to the influence that a reported issue has on policy makers. In effect therefore, Agenda setting has led to the prominence of the CNN Effect whereby 24-hour news channels set the international news agenda. In fact, locals in the developing nations view their news items captured in these channels as being of very prime importance. Nonetheless, Agenda setting is based on thinking that media does not necessarily indicate reality; they narrow it down and shape it; media focus on a few problems and topics bring the community to understand those problems as more essential than other problems. For this reason, agenda-setting helps individuals comprehend the role of the media in shaping news items and issues for public consumption. This is well exemplified by how media stations, publishers and news anchors set the news agenda and consequently, viewers affix much significance to the amount of broadcasted information and its position in the broadcast. The two-step theory theorizes how casual relationships play a part in changing the way in which individuals take up relevant information from media campaigns. Consequently, the primary source of information for the public is normally the newspaper and radio segments, whose information bits is adopted by opinion leaders who further relay the information to the less active segment of the society. In effect therefore, informal social groupings have some influence on society information uptake and dictate which information is worth sharing. Diffusions of Innovations theory explains the mode by which a new concept or exercise is conveyed to individuals through certain communication programs over time. Consequently, the selected mode of transfer assists in explaining the aspects that impact individuals ideas and activities. Therefore, the media selected as well as cultural interaction provide information that impacts common or well-known viewpoints. The diffusions process is therefore the procedure by which technological advancement is conveyed through certain media over a certain period among individuals in a social system. An illustration of how diffusions of innovation theory is prominent is through social media e.g. the youth accessing information and news in the internet mode via facebook. Another notable viewpoint of journalism spread mass communication in the modern times is the Uses and Gratification theory. This concept describes the uses and features of the press for diverse user groups ranging from the people, and the community in general. In order to describe how people use mass journalism to please their needs, the theory: seeks what people do with the medial; identifies their intentions for particular media use; and examines the individual effect of a particular media use. The main underlying factor of the theory is the supposition that individuals constantly seek a media channel to fulfil personal needs. Consequently, a medium is frequently used when the current purposes to use the medium results in more gratification. In light of the evolution of communication theory from pre-christian era to the modern times, it is definite that communication has evolved over time. Its mystery is captured in Gods creation act and its complexity has been researched by various scholars. The Greek philosophers made wise attempts in its definition which apparently form the cornerstone of todays knowledge. On the other hand, global socio-political events and transformation have further shaped communication theory development. And yet, as technology continues to advance, further definitions of communication shall continue to be formulated to track its changes with time.

Personalized Medicine Essay

â€Å"Introduction† In today’s world DNA sequences are frequently and constantly improving, modern instruments can analyze DNA by the millions within a twenty-four hour period (Mader, 2010, P.178). Because of technology, these instruments have been made available now and in the future for the use of personalized medicinal products. This paper provides an overview of how modern genetic technology may lead to personalized medicine, and to give examples two or more specific benefits of personalized medicine: a discussion of its drawbacks and limitations of the approach to human medicine. â€Å"Modern Genetic Technology and Personalized Medicine† Modern technology is constantly growing in our world, for us to understand how modern genetic technology may lead to personalized medicine and the importance personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is the tailoring of medical treatment for an individual with the unique characteristics for each patient. This approach is a scientific breakthrough for us to understand how a person’s unique molecular and genetic profile makes them susceptible to certain diseases. This same research is increasing our ability to predict and recognize which medical treatments will be safe and effective for each patient (Consumer Health, 2007). The Human Genome project of 2003, enlighten our understanding of the genetic component of disease that will continue to shape the medicine practices in the near future. Detailed according to the â€Å"Human Genome Project† with all the DNA sequence that will give researchers the tools to explore the genetic variation across the world (Phillips, 2007). Technology has been a growth for advancement and rapidly changing, it has been made possible for the doctors and geneticists to find out the kind of diseases in a person DNA and to help prevent the diseases. â€Å"The Benefits of Personalized Medicine† Personalized Medicine has numerous benefits on an individual’s health, for example; * Shift the emphasis in medicine from reaction to prevention * Predict susceptibility to disease, improve disease detection, preempt disease progression * Customize disease-prevention strategies * Prescribe more effective drugs and avoid prescribing drugs with predictable side effects * Reduce the time, cost, and failure rate of pharmaceutical clinical trials. (Jackson Laboratory, 2012). â€Å"The Societal Impact of Personalized Medicine† In our society personalized medicine are questionable, there are legal and ethical questions, some of these questions are as follows; * Who should have access to a person’s genetic profile? Is it the Employers, the government, Life insurance companies or the insured? * How can we protect genetic privacy and prevent genetic discrimination in our workplace and in our health care? * How consumers use genetic information as a health benefit? (Jackson laboratory, 2012). â€Å"The Limitations and the drawbacks of personal medicine† The limitations of technology are not yet known about personalized medicine and how to translate genetic information successfully. This poses a significant barrier to achieve the promise of reliable clinical information of personal genomes. Additionally the ethical and social issues surrounding the eugenic specter and the risk involving the breach of privacy and other stigmatism such as racism is yet to be addressed, as well as the guide to successful applications of the genetics will be needed for criminal research and medicine (Vernez, 2011). According to Mayor Clinic, â€Å"Personalized medicine† also have some drawbacks in which many people today are willing to pay a high amount of money for a personalized approach to their health, which creates a problem in the genetic discrimination by the insurers and employers because; the insurers tend to charge a higher premium to those individuals who is at risk of being perceived of having bear genes that are life threatening. With this approach those individuals would not be able or have the ability to meet their medical demands, there would be limited access to services among most individuals because of the higher cost for further development to this approach (Consumer Health, 2011). Conclusion: In my opinion personalized Medicine is a medical model that involves patient’s genetics and vital information with benefits that outweighs its drawbacks, personalized medicine allows individuals with a short expectancy span to live far longer, there the whole idea is that the limitation to the approach may lead to discrimination of an individual’s gene. REFERENCES Consumer Health, (2011).Retrieved November 7, 2012 from Mayo Clinic: http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/personalized-medicine/CA00078. Mader, S. (2010). SCI 115: Essential of Biology: 2009 custom edition (2nd ed.). New York: Mc Graw Hill. Personalized Medicine, (2011). Retrieved, November 7, 2012 from http://healthusnews.com/health-conditions/cancer/personalized-medicine Vernez, S. L. (2011). New York Times Magazine. Making Sense of the Genomic Revolution. American Scientist P. 266. Jackson laboratory (n.d.). Free Research Paper on Personalize Medicine – Rabranch40. Free Essays, Research Papers, Book Reports | Anti Essays. Retrieved November 4, 2012, from http://www.antiessays.com/free-essays/229557.html

The Pitfall of Essay Samples for High School

The Pitfall of Essay Samples for High School The Basic Principles of Essay Samples for High School That You Can Learn From Starting Right Away High school essay examples incorporate a number of short essays like narrative, persuasive and analytical. Bear in mind that the amount of your essay is contingent on the assignment provided to you. High school essays are structured very similarly whatever the topic and decent essay structure will enable you to write an obvious essay that flows from 1 paragraph to the next. Write superior essays with an internet class. The upcoming few paragraphs will constitute most of your essay. First and foremost it's vital to ensure that you comprehend the essay question fully and your essay answers each part of the question adequately. The very first sentence of the essay has to be interesting enough to create the reader read on. There's numerous essays completed by them. Each of our writers has what it requires to aid you with your task and supply you with a great essay. If you're an extremely talented writer, you might be able to intuitively create a compelling essay including all the components required to be both persuasive and simple to swallowor follow. A Secret Weapon for Essay Samples for High School Public high schools have their very own fair share of issues and in the event the student isn't careful, they could wind up in a massive mess. Students have to compose essays based on the teacher's instructions or their preferred style in writing. They lead busy lives and often forget about an upcoming deadline. High school students have to compose essays on a selection of topics which at first may appear to have nothing in common. Top Choices of Essay Samples for High School Personal essays can on occasion consist of personal information which you would not like to share. At the conclusion of t hese list, you are going to discover links to a range of argumentative paragraphs and essays. Employing reliable sources for research is critical. Today, there are a number of on-line websites that provide sample papers. The One Thing to Do for Essay Samples for High School When you're in high school, it's definite that you're expected to do a few write-ups and projects which require pen and paper. Our company doesn't have any need to request a substantial reward for our job. You should pay money for somebody else's job. You have to spend a certain quantity of time sitting in the library or surfing the internet to be able to locate some helpful data for your academic paper. The Do's and Don'ts of Essay Samples for High School You ought to develop your argument. At this time, you might very well be thinking that you're finished with your essay, but you're not. In order to really convince readers of your viewpoint, the argumentative essay must also check at the opposing view s. Before you turn in your assignment, you will want to appear over it one final moment. Writing of scholarship graduate essay is an incredibly tough academic task simply because students are needed to demonstrate they are capable of accomplishing the task that they're applying for. My high school life was not always enjoyable. Our team can make not merely new and distinctive texts based on your tasks. It's extremely important to read carefully essay services reviews, because you would like to avoid low superior services. If you're not pleased with your paper, you can find the entire refund according to our company policy or ask us for corrections. Buy essays from us and you could always rest assured of high-quality paper that may assure you quality grade. The Good, the Bad and Essay Samples for High School Our crew of essay writers works with any types of academic papers for many decades. As you start to compose your essay, bear in mind your reader is a person who would like to learn more about you. You should find the most suitable resources for your essay in addition to patience when finding the most suitable inspiration to write. Reading your essay out loud can help you notice areas wherever your writing could possibly be unclear or awkwardly worded. You can readily find essay writing services which may write for you at cheap prices. Scholarship providers would never tell you exactly what they are searching for in an essay. The best method to be a prosperous student is to employ an expert paper writer.

USS Valley Forge (CV-45) in the Korean War

USS Valley Forge (CV-45) was the final Essex-class aircraft carrier to enter service with the US Navy. Though intended for use during World War II, the carrier was not completed until late 1946, long after hostilities had ended. Valley Forge was serving in the Far East in 1950 and was the first American fleet carrier to take part in the  Korean War. The vessel saw extensive service during the conflict before being converted to an antisubmarine carrier later in the 1950s. Further change came in 1961 when Valley Forge was modified into an amphibious assault ship. In this role it conducted multiple deployments to Southeast Asia during the early years of the Vietnam War. Decommissioned in 1970, the ship was sold for scrap the following year. A New Design Conceived in the 1920s and 1930s, the US Navys  Lexington- and  Yorktown-class aircraft carriers were intended to fit the tonnage limitations put in place by the  Washington Naval Treaty. This enacted restrictions on the sizes of different types of warships as well as placed a cap on each signatory’s total tonnage. This scheme was re-examined and extended by the London Naval Treaty in 1930. As international tensions increased in the 1930s, Japan and Italy elected to leave the treaty system. With the collapse of the treaty structure, the US Navy moved forward its efforts to design a new, larger class of aircraft carrier and one which used lessons learned from the  Yorktown-class. The new type was wider and longer as well as incorporated a deck-edge elevator system. This had been employed earlier on  USS  Wasp  (CV-7). In addition to carrying a larger air group, the new class possessed a stronger anti-aircraft armament. Work commenced on the lead ship,  USS  Essex  (CV-9), on April 28, 1941. Long-Hull Following the Japanese  attack on Pearl Harbor  and US entry into  World War II, the  Essex-class quickly became the US Navys principal design for fleet carriers. The first four ships after  Essex  used the class initial design. In early 1943, the US Navy elected to make several changes with goal of improving future vessels. The most noticeable of these changes was lengthening the bow to a clipper design which allowed for the inclusion of two quadruple 40 mm mounts. Other alterations saw the addition of improved ventilation and aviation fuel systems, the combat information center moved under the armored deck, a second catapult installed on the flight deck, and the mounting  of an additional fire control director. Referred to as the long-hull  Essex-class or  Ticonderoga-class by some, the US Navy made no distinction between these and the earlier  Essex-class ships. Construction The first vessel to begin construction with the enhanced  Essex-class design was USS  Hancock  (CV-14) which was later re-named  Ticonderoga. This was followed by several additional carriers including USS  Valley Forge  (CV-45).  Named for the location of  General George Washingtons  famed encampment, construction commenced on September 14, 1943, at the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard.   Funding for the carrier was provided by the sale of over $76,000,000 in E Bonds throughout the greater Philadelphia region. The ship entered the water on July 8, 1945, with Mildred Vandergrift, wife of  Battle of Guadalcanal  commander General Archer Vandergrift, serving as sponsor. Work progressed into 1946 and  Valley Forge  entered commission on November 3, 1946, with Captain John W. Harris in command. The ship was the last  Essex-class carrier to join to the fleet. USS Valley Forge (CV-45) - Overview: Nation:  United StatesType:  Aircraft CarrierShipyard:  Philadelphia Naval ShipyardLaid Down:  September 14,1943Launched:  July 8, 1945Commissioned:  November 3, 1946Fate:  Sold for scrap, 1971 Specifications: Displacement:  27,100 tonsLength:  888 ft.Beam:  93 ft. (waterline)Draft:  28 ft., 7 in.Propulsion:  8 Ãâ€" boilers, 4 Ãâ€" Westinghouse geared steam turbines, 4 Ãâ€" shaftsSpeed:  33 knotsComplement:  3,448 men Armament: 4 Ãâ€" twin 5 inch 38 caliber guns4 Ãâ€" single 5 inch 38 caliber guns8 Ãâ€" quadruple 40 mm 56 caliber guns46 Ãâ€" single 20 mm 78 caliber guns Aircraft: 90-100 aircraft Early Service Completing fitting out, Valley Forge landed Air Group 5 in January 1947 with a F4U Corsair flown by Commander H. H. Hirshey making the first landing on the ship.  Departing port, the carrier conducted its shakedown cruise in the Caribbean with stops at Guantanamo Bay and the Panama Canal. Returning to Philadelphia, Valley Forge underwent a brief overhaul before sailing for the Pacific. Transiting the Panama Canal, the carrier arrived at San Diego on August 14 and formally joined the US Pacific Fleet. Sailing west that fall, Valley Forge took part in exercises near Pearl Harbor, before steaming to Australia and Hong Kong. Moving north to Tsingtao, China, the carrier received orders to return home via the Atlantic which would permit it to make an around the world voyage. Following stops in Hong Kong, Manila, Singapore, and Trincomalee, Valley Forge entered the Persian Gulf for a goodwill stop at Ras Tanura, Saudi Arabia. Rounding the Arabian Peninsula, the carrier became the longest ship to transit the Suez Canal. Moving through the Mediterranean, Valley Forge called at Bergen, Norway and Portsmouth, UK before returning home to New York. In July 1948, the carrier replaced its complement of aircraft and received the new Douglas A-1 Skyraider and the Grumman F9F Panther jet fighter. Ordered to the Far East in early 1950, Valley Forge was in port at Hong Kong on June 25 when the Korean War commenced. Korean War Three days after the start of the war, Valley Forge became flagship of the US Seventh Fleet and served as the core of Task Force 77.  Having provisioned at Subic Bay in the Philippines, the carrier rendezvoused with ships from the Royal Navy, including the carrier HMS Triumph, and commenced strikes against North Korean forces on July 3. These initial operations saw Valley Forges F9F Panthers down two enemy Yak-9s. As the conflict progressed, the carrier provided support for General Douglas MacArthurs landings at Inchon in September.  Valley Forges aircraft continued to pound North Korean positions until November 19, when, after over 5,000 sorties had been flown, the carrier was withdrawn and ordered to the West Coast.   Reaching the United States, Valley Forges stay proved brief as the Chinese entry into the war in December required the carrier to immediately return to the war zone.  Rejoining TF 77 on December 22, planes from the carrier entered the fray the next day. Continuing operations for the next three months, Valley Forge aided United Nations forces in halting the Chinese offensive. On March 29, 1951, the carrier again departed for San Diego. Reaching home, it was then directed north to Puget Sound Naval Shipyard for a much needed overhaul. This was completed that summer and after embarking Air Group 1, Valley Forge sailed for Korea. The first US carrier to make three deployments to the war zone, Valley Forge resumed launching combat sorties on December 11.  These were largely focused on  railway interdiction and saw the carriers planes repeatedly strike at Communist supply lines. Briefly returning to San Diego that summer, Valley Forge commenced its fourth combat tour in October 1952. Continuing to attack Communist supply depots and infrastructure, the carrier remained off the Korean coast until the final weeks of the war. Steaming for San Diego, Valley Forge underwent an overhaul and was transferred to the US Atlantic Fleet. New Roles With this shift, Valley Forge was re-designated as an anti-submarine warfare carrier (CVS-45).  Refitted for this duty at Norfolk, the carrier commenced service in its new role in January 1954.  Three years later, Valley Forge executed the US Navys first ship-based aerial envelopment exercise when its landing party was shuttled to and from a landing zone at Guantanamo Bay using only helicopters. A year later, the carrier became flagship of Rear Admiral John S. Thachs Task Group Alpha which focused on perfecting tactics and equipment for dealing with enemy submarines.   In early 1959, Valley Forge sustained damage from heavy seas and steamed to New York Naval Shipyard for repairs.  To expedite the work, a large section of flight deck was transferred from the inactive USS Franklin (CV-13) and transferred to Valley Forge. Returning to service, Valley Forge participated in the Operation Skyhook testing in 1959 which saw it launch balloons to measure cosmic rays. December 1960 saw the carrier recover the Mercury-Redstone 1A capsule for NASA as well as provide assistance to the crew of SS Pine Ridge which split in two off the coast of Cape Hatteras.   Steaming north, Valley Forge arrived at Norfolk on March 6, 1961 to undergo conversion into an amphibious assault ship (LPH-8). Rejoining the fleet that summer,  the ship commenced training in the Caribbean before embarking its complement of helicopters and joining the US Atlantic Fleets ready amphibious force. That October, Valley Forge operated off the Dominican Republic with orders to aid American citizens during a period of unrest on the island. Vietnam Directed to join the US Pacific Fleet in early 1962, Valley Forge airlifted its Marines into Laos in May to aid in thwarting a Communist takeover of the country.  Withdrawing these troops in July, it remained in the Far East until the end of the year when it sailed for the West Coast. Following a modernization overhaul at Long Beach, Valley Forge made another Western Pacific deployment in 1964 during which it won a Battle Effectiveness Award. Following the Gulf of Tonkin Incident in August, the ship moved closer to the Vietnamese coast and remained in the area into the fall. As the United States escalated its involvement in the Vietnam War, Valley Forge began ferrying helicopters and troops to Okinawa before making a deployment to the South China Sea. Taking up station in the fall of 1965, Valley Forges Marines participated in Operations Dagger Thrust and Harvest Moon before playing a role in Operation Double Eagle in early 1966.  After brief overhaul following these operations, the ship returned to Vietnam and assumed a position off Da Nang. Sent back to the United States in late 1966, Valley Forge spent part of early 1967 in the yard before commencing training exercises on the West Coast. Steaming west in November, the ship arrived in Southeast Asia and landed its troops as part of Operation Fortress Ridge. This saw them conduct search and destroy missions just south of the Demilitarized Zone. These activities were followed by Operation Badger Tooth near Quang Tri before Valley Forge shifted to a new station off Dong Hoi. From this position, it participated in Operation Badger Catch and supported the Cua Viet Combat Base.   Final Deployments The early months of 1968 continued to see Valley Forges forces take part in operations such as Badger Catch I and III as well as serve as an emergency landing platform for US Marine helicopters whose bases were under attack.  After continued service in June and July, the ship transferred its Marines and helicopters to USS Tripoli (LPH-10) and sailed for home. Receiving an overhaul, Valley Forge commenced five months of training before ferrying a load of helicopters to Vietnam. Arriving in the region, its forces took part in Operation Defiant Measure on March 6, 1969. With the conclusion of that mission, Valley Forge continued to steam off Da Nang as its Marines conducted a variety duties. Following training off Okinawa in June, Valley Forge arrived back off the northern coast of South Vietnam and launched Operation Brave Armada on July 24. With its Marines fighting in Quang Ngai Province, the ship remained on station and provided support. With the conclusion of the operation on August 7, Valley Forge debarked its Marines at Da Nang and departed for port calls at Okinawa and Hong Kong. On August 22, the ship learned that it would be deactivated following its deployment. After a brief stop at Da Nang to load equipment, Valley Forge touched at Yokosuka, Japan before sailing for the United States. Arriving at Long Beach on September 22, Valley Forge was decommissioned on January 15, 1970. Though some efforts were made to preserve the ship as a museum, they failed and Valley Forge was sold for scrap on October 29, 1971.

Real-Time Quality Management in the Automotive Industry

A Case Study on the Strategic Initiatives for Reducing Costs and Remaining Competitive Real-Time Quality Management in the Automotive Industry: Copyright  © 2008 InfinityQS International Table of Contents I. Continuous Improvement in the Automotive Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 II. Statistical Process Control: A Scientific Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 III. A Case Study in SPC for Continuous Improvement: Cooper Tire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2 I. Continuous Improvement in the Automotive Industry Over the last 30 years, the manufacturing industry has undergone a notable shift in terms of pushing geographic and cultural†¦show more content†¦The core objectives of SPC are to provide productivity and quality information about production processes in real-time. The principles of SPC take into account the following: All processes have unique characteristics or hidden personalities that are inherent within them Data analysis provides in depth understanding of process variations and identifies improvement opportunities Success in real-time SPC requires that measurement data be accurate, and collected in a timely manner. Various gauging devices are used to ensure that a specific measurement is taken and recorded. SPC software programs collect and store this data, analyzing it and creating graphs instantaneously. As a factory floor application, that can be extended up to corporate offices and throughout the enterprise, SPC software delivers vital quality data upstream to Manu facturing Execution Systems (MES). By integrating live production data into enterprise-wise systems, SPC plays a vital role in the business’ continuous improvement strategy. SPC solutions are designed to allow companies to plan and structure long-term strategies and bring short term quality improvements into view. The scope, detail and accessibility of quality data helps manufacturing facilities avoid unscheduled downtime. Analyzing tool wear metrics gives quality departments the opportunity to minimize downtime by creating detailed maintenance schedules that extend out forShow MoreRelatedProject Management : The Automotive Industry Essay1657 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract. The automotive industry is a wide field of connecting many engineering and scientific fields together in one systematic place. A lot of changes has occurred on this field since it came into existence. Because it’s a whole system of science and engineering, it is affected by a lot of factors and needs to adapt according to changes in these factors. 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Post Mortem Free Essays

Victorian post mortem photography was a custom prevalent in Europe and, to some lesser extent, the United States. It was a culture where people used to pose for photographs with their deceased loved ones for memory purposes. This was a way through which families could mourn and accept the loss of their loved ones. We will write a custom essay sample on Post Mortem or any similar topic only for you Order Now Remembrance encouraged the practice of post mortem photography since most people, especially infants and young adults, were photographed together with their family members to keep their memories alive. This paper will argue that many individuals from the Victorian era who participated in post mortem photography were heavily influenced by religious beliefs that in time developed into religious fixations. Post mortem photography is defined by modern psychiatry as an aspect of acute grief, which occurs in the early aftermath of a death. Acute grief can be intensely painful and is often characterized by behaviors and emotions that would be considered unusual in normal everyday life. Some individuals from the Victorian era (1837-1902), who believed in post mortem photography, saw their life here as an entrance to eternal life in heaven. However, these individuals from the Victorian era further believed in freeing the soul so that it was not enslaved in the body after death and further believed that post mortem photography would so free the soul of the deceased. Background: Even though post mortem photography and the dead have a long history, most associate post-mortem photography to the Victorian period in Europe and, to some lesser extent, the United States. Post-mortem photography was very popular in this 19th century period because the invention of the first photographic process, daguerreotype (a photographic process, which a picture on a silver surface sensitizes tit iodine was developed by exposure to mercury vapor, invented in 1839) made photography much more affordable. Daguerreotype photography was embraced since it was cheap and fast as compared to drawing; this faster and cheaper technique also offered the middle class with a way to remember the deceased. Basically meaning, that those authorizing a post-mortem photographic sketch of a relative or friend also had the financial ability to meet the cost. Because of post mortem photography new nature, society embraced the daguerreotype quickly without having a second thought. â€Å"Post- mortem photography thrived in hydrotherapy ancient decades, among costumers who preferred to posses a photo of their deceased members as compared to lacking a memory. † (Cornwall, 2004, p. 61). The photographs were used as keepsakes to remember family and friends. Some photographers dedicated a substantial portion of their time to photograph the deceased. The strict relation between post mortem photography and the Victorian period inclines to overlook a number of variables. For instance, post mortem photography is still appreciated today in the same way as it was in the 19th century (Carmichael, 1966, p. 53). Nevertheless, there is a limited amount of photographers wrought the United States who still perform post mortem photography, and death masks. However, many modern post mortem photos put less effort on giving the deceased a life-like appearance, and instead captures pictures of the deceased in coffins. Main Point 1: During the Victorian era, it was clear there were bizarre superstitions and rituals that families abided by to ensure their loved ones got the proper burial. In addition, to the bizarre superstitions and rituals, during the Victorian era some individuals participated in witchcraft and Joined cults. Victorian society was full of bizarre prepositions and rituals, like covering all mirrors with black fabric when someone died. Most people participated in this bizarre superstitions and rituals because it was feared that the mirror could steal the decease’s soul and keep it. Also, during the Victorian era many individuals in Europe and, to some lesser extent, the United States believed in death omens, which is an indicator that the person who is visited by bad spirits is going to die. For instance, seeing themselves in dreams, or seeing an owl during the day. Main Point 2: An initial dwelling of the deceased is considered to be normal. However, Jean Calenderer, a researcher at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill of Victorian ghost stories and early psychology, describes acute grief as pathological (meaning evidence of being mentally disturbed). It then becomes a fixation. (Spirit Photography: Victorian Culture of Mourning, 17). These bizarre superstitions and rituals were really Just symptoms of some deeper-seated pathological issues. Prevailing Theories There are other psychological answers to the obsession with the deceased. Post mortem photography in and of itself is not necessarily evidence of some sort of pathological issue. Even though the today’s society looks at post mortem photography as a morbid action, most of us still practice it in various ways. Only the actual real life posing for the pictures is what has been abandoned. People have cultural practices that make them still value the practice of post mortem photography for purposes of remembrance. Also, the practice of post mortem photography is still essential in some religions, such as for Catholics, who cherish respecting the deed for several reasons. One is the continued need to memorial the deceased using a worshiped treasure, such as a photograph. A second reason is to maintain the continuity of church growth and ideas, as the process of the passing down of information regarding certain prominent church personalities and how they dedicated their life to serve could trigger the use of post mortem photography. This is because in current society, we identify ourselves with these people. Post mortem photography also is currently used in criminal investigations. The use of post mortem photography is essential in ensuring that even the dead can be accorded Justice. Post mortem photos are often used as aids to deduce the cause of death of an individual, specially in a case where the death occurred under mysterious circumstances. This shows that the current use of post mortem photography in our Justice system is justifiable. Documentation does have limits. For example, in a massacre, for purposes of evidence, it is essential for the Journalist and people concerned to take pictures of the dead, but to be able to pose them for the public is not accepted. Nature always exposes human beings to challenges that need to be recorded for future generations. The use of post mortem photography as a record for future reference is commendable. For instance, in the field of anthropology, photographic communication of events is essential for they act as proof of what actually happened. Though, some people depict this as uncultured to some extent. There are certain photos that anthropologists would use, but societal moral values and beliefs restrict the use of such photos. Yet, in order to validate the scientific findings, it is still justifiable to use post mortem anthropology to achieve this purpose regardless of societal values. Rebuttal People today are scared of death, it is not perceived as in the early 19th century when people used to take death as a normal thing. Death was more of a way of life urine the Victorian era for several reasons. Mothers died in childbirth, children died from preventable diseases, adults lived much shorter life spans. Modern medicine and technology have eliminated all of these as concerns. Celebrations such as Halloween show how people today are scared of death, as, for example, the masks used are normally from images related to death. They are intended to scare people, but at the same time they actually depict what was meant for post mortem photography. People avoid death, it is still something that happens to all of us eventually, but modern society has made it into something to be afraid of, something o scare little children and something to be kept at a distance. Most people no longer associate death as being a normal event as in the 19th century. Thus, what occurred in the 19th century was more related to trying to understand death as a normal part of life, not a pathological condition requiring medical treatment. Conclusion Even though post mortem photography was mostly attributed to the Victorian era, today people still practice this through recordings as keepsakes, the taking of post mortem pictures for use in our Justice system, the use of methods such as tattoos rented on our skin, graffiti painted on our cars and walls, images and pictures of the dead in their graves, as well as statues. We are not running away from death and post mortem photography, but we are only distancing ourselves from death while adopting other ways to remember the departed ones. How to cite Post Mortem, Papers

Project Management of Lecture Theater LT13 at Burwood campus

Question: Discuss about the Advanced Project Management of Lecture Theater LT13 at Burwood campus. Answer: Introduction This project depicts the role of technology as well as construction oriented refurbishment in a lecture theatre located in building HC at the Burwood. The project manager is co-ordinate with all the aspects of this development measures. During the development of the project certain phases are needed to be maintained by the project manager such as initiating the project, planning for the project, execution as well as closure of project. For successful accomplishment of the project, project manager should control and monitor the progress accurately. For reducing the work burden the project manager should divide the work load among the project team members. In this project the brief description of lecture theatre 13 is represented. Apart from that, the tender schedule, the tender validity period the tender process are also elaborated in this paper. In addition to this, the status of the tender processes, its information and documentation are also illustrated in this paper. While developing the project, the main concern that the project manager should consider is its security. The obligation of the tenders, the warranty of the tenders and while conducting the project the ethical aspects that should be considered are also elaborated in this project. Brief description of LT13 project The project refurbishment of lecture theatre, is focused to developing the current condition of the project in terms constriction. The project is planned to commence on 19th 2015 and complete on 15th 2016. Before developing the project, the project manager will choose the project sponsor, who will sponsor the required project budget. It has been analyzed that the exiting accommodation for the theatre is very small in order to grab more number of audiences; the theatre owner is willing to increase its overall capacity. Previously the theater has only 2D projector however after the modification they will implement 3 dimension projectors also. For developing the construction site certain experienced interior designers are also hired. Both the project contractor and sub constructors should possess leadership quality for avoiding intra-organizational and inter organizational conflicts. The components those are maintained by the project manager include compliance with the tender condition, customer service, industry experience, management and management, staffing levels and experiences. Scope and deliverables of LT13 project Scope of LT13 project The scope of the project is focused towards the refurbishments work in a lecture theatre located in HC at the Burwood. The work includes different activities and not just limited to co-ordination and management of painting throughout, it will reconstruct the projector wall, seating and floor covers also. The builders of the construction project allows three consecutive week in their program for the Deakin Solution. Deliverable of LT13 project The project deliverables are as follows: To provide newly decorated and interior designed a lecture theatre located in Burwood To deliver higher range of accommodation to the audiences To provide re-plastered projection wall To develop the floor covering To involve management of painting throughout Project management practice/methodology The management of project is at the heart of what makes construction projects successful. While it manages the specialized sides of planning and execution, it additionally requires a people part, where project directors need to work with the individual needs of the manufacturers, stakeholders, and group (Kerzner 2013). The project management methodology that can be introduced for the LT13 project to refurbish the existing lecture theatre hall of Burwood campus are as illustrated as below: Waterfall or Traditional Project Management: Waterfall project management is the most well-known type of construction project management strategies. This strategy is on the other hand otherwise called conventional project management that includes clear points of reference between each task as there are set due dates, expectations and customer desires composed on an unmistakable course of events (Turner 2014). One of the principle experts to the waterfall strategy is that it enables a group to center the entire of their consideration on every perspective enabling designers to guarantee great advancement at each stage. It additionally keeps little subtle elements from being disregarded and can anticipate similarity issues later on in usage. Agile Construction Management: Agile construction management takes the adaptability of lithe programming advancement and applies it to development. A contractual worker may need to utilize distinctive materials for example, on the grounds that the ones determined by the designer are inaccessible around then. Access to a site or to assets might be blocked, adding to the issues (McNeil, Frey and Embrechts 2015). The tasks associated with construction are then regularly took care of utilizing spontaneous creation and therefore it winds up noticeably hard to track project plans and oversee basic way exercises. Coordinated construction management helps by: Breaking down the project conveyance into littler, more reasonable parts that for this situation are not really accessible to be reordered, but rather that can be better overseen and followed to consummation. Focusing on time management and consistent, visit audits to enhance project budgetary management, particularly in the territories of efficiency and benefit (Burke 2013). Opening the way to nonstop change by urging specialists to collaborate and to give their contribution back to construction supervisors on the most proficient method to improve and quicker. Critical Chain: The construction critical path method (CPM) is a technique that can be used by project managers, frequently with their plan for management of construction projects to help understand the best steps to take to finish the project capably. This fundamental methodology is considered as one of the most regularly and conceivably used technique for planning of construction projects. Critical chain, then again, takes a look at the longest chain considering assignment and asset conditions (Svejvig and Andersen 2015). This methodology is characterized as the longest chain considering undertaking and asset conditions. This implies both the assignment and assets in a project are booked. It is essentially unique in relation to the basic way that exclusive considers undertaking conditions. In the event that an assignment reliance exists, a successor undertaking can just endless supply of the antecedent task, however this expect the required assets will be accessible. Basic chain te chnique comprises of two sections, one is specialized, the acknowledgment of the significance of asset conditions while arranging the project (Turner 2016). Also, besides, an ability to challenge the present ideal models grasping another mindset. Project management technique/tool for each PMBOK area The project management tools and techniques for the PMBOK areas that could be used by the project management team in managing construction phase of the LT13 project at Burwood are illustrated as below: Project Integration Management: Change control is one of the apparatuses and method that can be utilized as a part of this PMBOK range. Change control is the method through which all sales to change the benchmark degree of a venture, program or portfolio are gotten, evaluated and after that attested, expels or surrendered (Mir and Pinnington 2014). In standard change models where augmentation is all around portrayed ideal on time in the life cycle, it is fundamental for accomplishment that movements to baselined degree are controlled. An exhaustive change control get ready must be set up and kept up on all assignments, tasks and portfolios. Project Scope Management: The Group decision making method is one of the appropriate strategies and apparatuses in this PMBOK range. Basic leadership in gatherings is difficult for instance, the gathering may energize and decline to achieve accord or it might shape a gathering think and adhere to a natural commonly satisfactory choice without considering better choices (Hill 2013). Learning of collective choice making systems can help managers adequately direct cooperative choice making forms. Project Time Management: PERT termed as Program Evaluation Review Technique as well as Gantt Charts are the two most commonly used tools for time management in projects. The PERT is a tool for planning as well as control that is utilized for distinguishing as controlling the tasks based on priority to accomplish the project on time (Snyder 2014). Gantt charts as well as Critical Path Method (CPM) outlines are routinely used on the other hand; the principle complexity is the methods by which task times are enlisted. Both graphs demonstrate the total venture with each and every arranged task showed up in course of action. The indicated assignments exhibit which ones are in parallel, those endeavors that can be performed meanwhile. Project Cost Management: Bottom up estimation technique uses the appraisals of individual work packs which are then sketched out or "climbed" to choose a general cost evaluate for the venture (Heagney 2016). This sort of estimate is generally more exact than various methodologies since it is investigating costs from a more granular perspective. Project Quality Management: Control charts are utilized to outline the dependability of a procedure. This quality control apparatus gages the conduct of a procedure after some time. In the event that, amid the recorded time, prepare indicates unsatisfactory difference, the procedure is considered precarious. Project Human Resource Management: Stakeholder examination is an essential bit of working up an accommodating Engagement Plan. Stakeholder Matrix is considered as an essential tool for management of stakeholders in a project (Marcelino-Sadaba et al. 2014). This is the place stakeholders are plotted against two elements. These variables may plot the level of "stake" in the consequences of the venture against "resources" of the stakeholder. Another is the "criticalness" of the stakeholder against the "effect" of the stakeholder. Project Communications Management: Weekly Status Reports as formal composed communication is a decent approach to occasionally ponder the project and record advance (Martinelli and Milosevic 2016). The week by week status report is arranged and conveyed to all required in the project to pass on the comprehension of project advance and to present project risks in a formal, recorded way. Project Risk Management: The risk register is considered to be one of the most powerful technique for management of risks in a project. It helps to track the risks throughout the entire lifecycle of a project. It acts like a preview of the various existing or new risks in the project (Hartono et al. 2014). Chance registers are ordinarily Excel spreadsheets. Also has keeping the project on track, they're valuable for giving data to the lessons learnt record. Project Procurement Management: Expert judgment and gatherings is one of the reasonable procedures for management of obtainments in a project. It is utilized by asking the general population who either are expert at a specific topic territory, for this situation obtainment management or who are expert in acquisition management with comparable undertakings previously (Too and Weaver 2014). Project Stakeholder Management: A few connections with stakeholders will be in one-on-one gatherings. Different circumstances, the communication with stakeholders should be possible by making introductions (Newton 2016). Still others will require to convey through report or other composed strategies. Every one of these circumstances are considered management aptitudes. Major impacts of proposed project management techniques/tools The major impacts of the proposed tools and techniques for management of projects are being categorized into different aspects and described as below: Impact on stakeholders: Stakeholders' interests can be overseen through stakeholder gatherings and particular client boards giving contribution to a necessity determination. Stakeholders with concerns in monetary context ought to know the potential return of the venture's outcomes (Lock 2014). Others will support ventures if there is sound evidence of their impetus to upgrading operations, boosting bit of the general business, extending era, or meeting other association goals. Impact on human resource: The firmly organized project association has a tendency to limit cross-hierarchical communication. Communication streams here and there, however descending communication is to a great extent for control purposes and upward communication is regularly twisted to give a positive impression of advance (Mir and Pinnington 2014). Impact on quality: Project Quality Assurance is an executing procedure worried with general process change of the exercises and procedures embraced to accomplish quality. On the off chance that the nature of both process and exercises enhances, then the nature of expectations ought to enhance too, conveying likewise positive ramifications to the next five project requirements (time, scope, cost, assets, and risk). Impact on time: The appropriate estimation of time is an essential ability to manage projects efficiently and for good project management. The estimation of time drives the setting of due dates for conveyance as well as arranging of activities thus affecting on appraisal of dependability by other individuals and skill as a project manager (Reiss 2013). Impact on cost management: Management of costs and also other project ascribes that add to cost, is a critical test confronted by project supervisors consistently. Luckily project directors have different instruments accessible that can be utilized to adequately oversee project costs while effectively achieving all project undertakings and expectations (Kuster et al. 2015). The test is to see the majority of the elements that add to project expenses and utilizing the devices accessible at the correct circumstances and for the correct reasons. Evaluation of the effectiveness of one chosen technique/tool Expert judgment is utilized widely to survey the sources of info and procedures sent to build up the project contract. It is regularly prescribed as one among the best instruments and strategies in the project management forms. Specialists are dealt with as resources in any association and give contributions to arranging and evaluating any movement as their feelings are thought to be pivotal. The specialists can be stakeholders or clients (Cameron and Green 2015). Expert Judgment is one of the best acknowledged methodologies and most helpful too amid the arranging periods of numerous exercises. The approach spares the time amid the arranging as well as highlights risks to be considered while executing. It additionally enhances the nature of the appraisals and gives precise estimates. The part of the expert is particularly required amid the arranging and risk distinguishing proof procedures (Andler 2016). Arranging and risk distinguishing proof are extremely basic to project achieveme nt. Especially enormous and complex undertakings, the project administrator dependably searches for specialists or experts from outside to settle on impartial and precise choices. One of the essential risks in a project is wrong estimates. This will affect the project execution. Industry discoveries says that 60% of undertakings do not meet project execution criteria (Time, cost and extension goals). The expert judgment approach gives exact estimate as proposed before (Too and Weaver 2014). Risk distinguishing proof is another critical zone which must be done ahead of schedule in a project life cycle. Unidentified risks are risks to the project's prosperity. The risk management exercises begin simply in the wake of recognizing the potential risks in a project. The views of experts are considered all through the risk management procedures to decrease the effect of the project risks. Expert judgment is inescapable amid the project life cycle and sorted over all learning zones in powerful project management. Conclusion From the overall discussion it can be concluded that in order to gain commercial benefit from the marketplace the Lecture theatre is required to maintain rather develop their existing condition both in terms of technology and construction as well. Before implementation of the project the project manager should develop feasibility study and budget estimation. Most part of the development is based upon the construction. The lecture theatre is willing to make co-ordinate and management for painting throughout, the process of re-plastering for the projection wall and new floor covering and seats as well. References Andler, N., 2016.Tools for project management, workshops and consulting: a must-have compendium of essential tools and techniques. John Wiley Sons. Burke, R., 2013. Project management: planning and control techniques.New Jersey, USA. Cameron, E. and Green, M., 2015.Making sense of change management: a complete guide to the models, tools and techniques of organizational change. Kogan Page Publishers. Hartono, B., Sulistyo, S.R., Praftiwi, P.P. and Hasmoro, D., 2014. Project risk: Theoretical concepts and stakeholders' perspectives.International Journal of Project Management,32(3), pp.400-411. Heagney, J., 2016.Fundamentals of project management. AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn. Hill, G.M., 2013.The complete project management office handbook. CRC Press. Kerzner, H., 2013.Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Kuster, J., Huber, E., Lippmann, R., Schmid, A., Schneider, E., Witschi, U. and Wst, R., 2015. Project Management: Key Theoretical Concepts. InProject Management Handbook(pp. 13-17). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Lock, M.D., 2014.The essentials of project management. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.. Marcelino-Sdaba, S., Prez-Ezcurdia, A., Lazcano, A.M.E. and Villanueva, P., 2014. Project risk management methodology for small firms.International Journal of Project Management,32(2), pp.327-340. Martinelli, R.J. and Milosevic, D.Z., 2016.Project management toolbox: tools and techniques for the practicing project manager. John Wiley Sons. McNeil, A.J., Frey, R. and Embrechts, P., 2015.Quantitative risk management: Concepts, techniques and tools. Princeton university press. Mir, F.A. and Pinnington, A.H., 2014. Exploring the value of project management: linking project management performance and project success.International Journal of Project Management,32(2), pp.202-217. Newton, R., 2016.Project management step by step: how to plan and manage a highly successful project. Pearson UK. Reiss, G., 2013.Project management demystified: Today's tools and techniques. Routledge. Snyder, C.S., 2014. A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge: PMBOK () Guide. Project Management Institute. Svejvig, P. and Andersen, P., 2015. Rethinking project management: A structured literature review with a critical look at the brave new world.International Journal of Project Management,33(2), pp.278-290. Too, E.G. and Weaver, P., 2014. The management of project management: A conceptual framework for project governance.International Journal of Project Management,32(8), pp.1382-1394. Turner, J.R., 2014.The handbook of project-based management(Vol. 92). New York, NY: McGraw-hill. Turner, R., 2016.Gower handbook of project management. Routledge.